FAO Plant Protection Bulletin (1993) 41, 177-197

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P. Katsoyannos (1993)
IPM for citrus insect pests in northern Mediterranean countries
FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 41 (3-4), 177-197
Abstract: A review of the available information related to integrated pest management (IPM) for citrus insect pests in northern Mediterranean countries is presented. Although chemical treatment is still the most commonly applied pest control method, during the last 30 years considerable attempts to develop IPM methods have been made in the region. Biological control in particular has drawn the most attention. Progress has also been made in other components of citrus insect IPM. Sampling methodologies and thresholds for pesticide treatment of the main insect pests have been worked out and pesticide selectivity has been studied in several experiments. Cultural practices contributing to insect pest control have been identified and biotechnical control methods, including the use of behaviour-modifying chemicals and application of the sterile insect technique, are being developed.
(The abstract is excluded from the Creative Commons licence and has been copied with permission by the publisher.)


Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
control - general
biocontrol - natural enemies
Research topic(s) for beneficials or antagonists:
surveys/distribution/isolation


Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial Pest/Disease/Weed Crop/Product Country Quarant.


Parabemisia myricae Citrus (genus) Greece
Parabemisia myricae Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphis gossypii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphis gossypii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Myzus persicae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) France
Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Turkey
Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) France
Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Turkey
Coccus hesperidum Citrus (genus) France
Coccus hesperidum Citrus (genus) Greece
Pseudococcus viburni Citrus (genus) France
Pseudococcus calceolariae Citrus (genus) France
Pseudococcus longispinus Citrus (genus) France
Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Citrus (genus) Greece
Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) France
Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Greece
Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Italy
Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) France
Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Greece
Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Italy
Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Portugal (continental)
Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphis spiraecola Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) France
Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) Turkey
Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Greece
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Italy
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Turkey
Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) France
Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) Greece
Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) France
Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Greece
Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Italy
Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Turkey
Lepidosaphes gloverii Citrus (genus) Italy
Parlatoria ziziphi Citrus (genus) Greece
Parlatoria ziziphi Citrus (genus) Italy
Parlatoria pergandii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Pseudococcus maritimus Citrus (genus) France
Ceroplastes floridensis Citrus (genus) Greece
Lysiphlebus testaceipes (parasitoid) Aphis gossypii Citrus (genus) Italy
Lysiphlebus testaceipes (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Leptomastix dactylopii (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) France
Leptomastix dactylopii (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Leptomastix dactylopii (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Turkey
Aphidius matricariae (parasitoid) Myzus persicae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphidius matricariae (parasitoid) Aphis spiraecola Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphidius matricariae (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) France
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis lingnanensis (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus)
Aphidius ervi (parasitoid) Myzus persicae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Rhyzobius forestieri (predator) Coccus hesperidum Citrus (genus) Greece
Rhyzobius forestieri (predator) Coccus pseudomagnoliarum Citrus (genus)
Rhyzobius forestieri (predator) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) France
Rhyzobius forestieri (predator) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Turkey
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus)
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphytis melinus (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Turkey
Leptomastidea abnormis (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Leptomastidea abnormis (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Leptomastidea abnormis (parasitoid) Pseudococcus longispinus Citrus (genus) Italy
Comperiella bifasciata (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) France
Comperiella bifasciata (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Greece
Cales noacki (parasitoid) Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) France
Cales noacki (parasitoid) Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Greece
Cales noacki (parasitoid) Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Italy
Cales noacki (parasitoid) Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Portugal (continental)
Cales noacki (parasitoid) Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Turkey
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Greece
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Italy
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Greece
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Italy
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Turkey
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) Italy
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Parlatoria ziziphi Citrus (genus) Greece
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Parlatoria ziziphi Citrus (genus) Italy
Encarsia citrina (parasitoid) Parlatoria pergandii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Lysiphlebus fabarum (parasitoid) Aphis gossypii Citrus (genus) Italy
Lysiphlebus fabarum (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Metaphycus helvolus (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) France
Metaphycus helvolus (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Greece
Metaphycus helvolus (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Italy
Metaphycus helvolus (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Acerophagus maculipennis (parasitoid) Pseudococcus viburni Citrus (genus) France
Anagyrus pseudococci (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Nephus reunioni (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus)
Coccophagus lycimnia (parasitoid) Ceroplastes floridensis Citrus (genus) Greece
Scutellista caerulea (parasitoid) Ceroplastes floridensis Citrus (genus) Greece
Rodolia cardinalis (predator) Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) France
Rodolia cardinalis (predator) Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Greece
Rodolia cardinalis (predator) Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Italy
Rodolia cardinalis (predator) Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Rodolia cardinalis (predator) Icerya purchasi Citrus (genus) Turkey
Encarsia perniciosi (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus)
Aphytis chrysomphali (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis chrysomphali (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis chrysomphali (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Turkey
Aphytis chrysomphali (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis chrysomphali (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis chrysomphali (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Turkey
Brumus quadripustulatus (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Brumus quadripustulatus (predator) Ceroplastes floridensis Citrus (genus) Greece
Praon volucre (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Binodoxys angelicae (parasitoid) Aphis gossypii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Binodoxys angelicae (parasitoid) Aphis spiraecola Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Binodoxys angelicae (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Binodoxys angelicae (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Encarsia lahorensis (parasitoid) Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) France
Encarsia lahorensis (parasitoid) Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Encarsia lahorensis (parasitoid) Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Encarsia lahorensis (parasitoid) Dialeurodes citri Citrus (genus) Turkey
Aphytis proclia (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Lysiphlebus ambiguus (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Greece
Nephus includens (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Nephus includens (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Italy
Aprostocetus ceroplastae (parasitoid) Ceroplastes floridensis Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis mytilaspidis (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis mytilaspidis (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis chilensis (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis chilensis (parasitoid) Aspidiotus nerii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis chilensis (parasitoid) Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis chilensis (parasitoid) Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) Italy
Aphytis diaspidis (parasitoid) Parlatoria pergandii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphytis lepidosaphes (parasitoid) Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) France
Aphytis lepidosaphes (parasitoid) Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) Greece
Aphytis lepidosaphes (parasitoid) Lepidosaphes beckii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Encarsia herndoni (parasitoid) Lepidosaphes gloverii Citrus (genus) Italy
Metaphycus lounsburyi (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) France
Metaphycus lounsburyi (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Italy
Metaphycus lounsburyi (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Aphytis coheni (parasitoid) Aonidiella aurantii Citrus (genus)
Tetracnemoidea peregrina (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus)
Tetracnemoidea peregrina (parasitoid) Pseudococcus calceolariae Citrus (genus) France
Tetracnemoidea peregrina (parasitoid) Pseudococcus longispinus Citrus (genus) France
Tetracnemoidea peregrina (parasitoid) Pseudococcus maritimus Citrus (genus) France
Tetracnemoidea brevicornis (parasitoid) Pseudococcus longispinus Citrus (genus) Italy
Metaphycus swirskii (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus)
Coccophagus ceroplastae (parasitoid) Coccus hesperidum Citrus (genus)
Amitus spiniferus (parasitoid) Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus (genus)
Moranila californica (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Greece
Moranila californica (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Italy
Moranila californica (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Nephus anomus (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus)
Diversinervus elegans (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus)
Aphelinus chaonia (parasitoid) Aphis aurantii Citrus (genus) Italy
Anagyrus bohemanni (parasitoid) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Sympherobius pygmaeus (predator) Planococcus citri Citrus (genus) Greece
Tetracnemoidea mediterranea (parasitoid) Pseudococcus calceolariae Citrus (genus) France
Encarsia inquirenda (parasitoid) Parlatoria pergandii Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Coccophagus insidiator (parasitoid) Coccus hesperidum Citrus (genus) Italy
Coccophagus insidiator (parasitoid) Coccus hesperidum Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Coccophagus insidiator (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) Spain (continental)
Scutellista nigra (parasitoid) Saissetia oleae Citrus (genus) France