Phytoparasitica (1998) 26 (2) - The importance of formulation ...

E. Dunkelblum, Miriam Harel, Polina Fraistat, Devora Gordon, L. Anshelevich and M. Kehat (1998)
The importance of formulation in the practical use of sex pheromones
Phytoparasitica 26 (2)
12th Conference of the Entomological Society of Israel, Innovations in Pheromone Research and Application in Israel, March 3, 1998, Bet Dagan, Israel
Abstract: The success of the practical use of sex pheromones for monitoring and mating disruption depends on the availability of appropriate formulations. For monitoring, various rubber dispensers are commonly used and they are suitable for most pheromones, such as those of lepidopteran and scale insect pests. However, in some cases plastic dispensers must be employed to obtain satisfactory results. The Israeli type rubber dispensers have been found suitable for the moth pheromones of Anarsia lineatella, Cryptoblabes gnidiella, Cydia pomonella, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera, Lobesia botrana, Pectinophora gossypiella and Spodoptera littoralis and for the scale insects Matsucoccus josephi and Planococcus citri. Special polyethylene dispensers must be adopted for Earias insulana and Zeuzera pyrina. The type of formulation used for mating disruption is crucial because such formulations contain large amounts of pheromone and are designed to operate for months. The ideal formulations should release the appropriate pheromone in a linear fashion, with a zero order release rate, throughout the growing season. Proper protection, particularly of sensitive pheromones, is another key factor in these dispensers. In practice, some formulations have limited longevity and the release rate is nonlinear of the first order. In recent years most commercial formulations for mating disruption have been hand-applied devices such as the Shin-Etsu ropes, Agrisense rings or stripes, BASF ampoules and Consep patches. In Israel, the most commonly used ones are dispensers for mating disruption of C. pomonella and P. gossypiella. Experimental Shin-Etsu formulations for L. botrana, E. insulana and H. armigera, and combined formulations for H. armigera and P. gossypiella and for E. insulana and P. gossypiella, have been tested also. Extensive release rate measurements have been employed to evaluate the behavior of the various formulations, particularly as regards type of release, longevity and pheromone stability. Results indicate that formulations can be designed according to preset conditions, although ideal formulations are still very difficult to produce.
(The abstract is excluded from the Creative Commons licence and has been copied with permission by the publisher.)

Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
pheromones/attractants/traps

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Cydia pomonella
	Lobesia botrana
	Anarsia lineatella
	Helicoverpa armigera
	Planococcus citri
	Spodoptera littoralis
	Zeuzera pyrina
	Pectinophora gossypiella
	Earias insulana
	Cryptoblabes gnidiella
	Matsucoccus josephi