Xiphinema index
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Author: Ulrike Ipach
Source: Vitipendium
Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 - (California dagger nematode)
The nematode is an important and widespread pest of grapevine which also attacks fig and some other crops. It feeds ectoparasitically on root tips, causing stunting of the plants. More importantly, it transmits the Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). The nematode migrates in the soil between different roots. Attacked root tips become deformed and develop feeding structures with enlarged and multinucleate root cells. The use of clean root stock during planting is important for management. Eradication by fumigation is difficult and the cultivation of non-host crops for several years is recommended.
The adult female grows to a length of 3 mm. It is characterized by a distinct terminal protruberance (peg) on the tail, about 10 µm in length. Males are very rare and the females usually reproduce by parthenogenesis. The life cycle from egg, through 4 juvenile stages, to mature adult lasts one to several months, depending on the temperature. The ability to transmit GFLV is lost after each molt. The adults can survive for several years.
