Environmental Entomology (1989) 18, 24-29

P.F. Dowd (1989)
Toxicity of naturally occurring levels of the Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin, Ochratoxin A, and penicillic acid to the corn earworm, Heliothis zea, and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Environmental Entomology 18 (1), 24-29
Abstract: The oral toxicity of the Penicillium mycotoxins, alone and in combination, to Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) at naturally occurring levels was evaluated. Ochratoxin A and citrinin were the most toxic alone to both insect species and caused abnormalities in the Malpighian tubules. The combination of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid was synergistically most toxic to H. zea, whereas the combination of ochratoxin A and citrinin was synergistically most toxic to S. frugiperda. The production of frequently found combinations of mycotoxins by Penicillium fungi likely to be encountered by these insects is discussed in relation to the results obtained.
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Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
environment - cropping system/rotation

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Helicoverpa zea
	Spodoptera frugiperda
	Penicillium viridicatum