Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus
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Author(s): H.J. Larsen
Source: IPM Images
Author(s): H.J. Larsen
Source: IPM Images
Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV)
The virus is widespread in North America and Europe and is also found in South America, Asia, Africa and New Zealand. It occurred originally mainly in eastern North America, but has been reported from Europe since 1960. The SBWMV is transmitted through the roots by the plasmodiophorid vector Polymyxa graminis. Winter wheat is particularly susceptible to the virus. Infected plants have yellowish leaves with dark green mottling. They are stunted, have reduced tillers and produce smaller kernels. The disease does not cause spindle-shaped chlorotic leaf streaks like in infections by the Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Yield losses have been estimated at 10-30% but can exceed 50% in extreme cases. Apart from wheat, triticale, rye, barley and some grasses can also become infected.
The disease typically develops at temperatures below 20°C, like during early spring. Leaves which emerge at higher temperatures are in general symptomless. The virus-containing resting spores of P. graminis can remain dormant in the soil for many years. Upon germination, the spores release mobile zoospores which attach themselves to the host and initiate the infection process. Infections, therefore, require wet soil conditions. The use of resistant cultivars is the most practical approach for managing the disease, with methods like crop rotation, delayed drilling or soil treatment with fungicides being less effective or uneconomical.
| Vernacular names | |
|---|---|
| • Deutsch: | bodenbürtiger Weizenmosaikvirus |
| • English: | soil-borne wheat mosaic virus wheat soil-borne mosaic |
The particles are rod-shaped. The genome consists of 2 positive sensed RNA molecules, with approximately 7100 and 3600 nucleotides. Each RNA molecule is packed in a separate particle. Consequently, the particles have different lengths, about 280-300 and 140-160 nm, respectively.
