Insect Science (2020) 27, 801-814

Andrej Cokl, Alenka Zunic Kosi, Raul Alberto Laumann and Meta Virant-Doberlet (2020)
Female competition for availability of males in insects: the Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) model
Insect Science 27 (4), 801-814
Abstract: Multimodal communication in solitary stinkbugs enables them to meet, mate and copulate. Many plant-dwelling species exchange information during the calling phase of mating behavior using substrate-borne vibratory signals. A female-biased gender ratio induces rivalry and competition for a sexual partner. Female competition for males, first described among Heteroptera in three stinkbug species, revealed species specific differences and opened the question of plasticity in individually emitted temporal and frequency signal characteristics during calling and rival alternation. To address this question and gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying stinkbug female rivalry, we compared the characteristics of alternated signals in the southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Compared to male rivalry, female rivalry is more complex, lasts longer and runs through successive phases by a combination of different song types. The male pheromone triggers alternation between females, producing song pulses that occasionally overlap each other. One female initiates the rivalry by changing individual pulses into pulse trains of three different types. The competing female alternates with pulses of changed temporal characteristics at lower levels of rivalry and by varying the frequency characteristics of pulse trains at higher levels. During female rivalry, the male either stops responding or occasionally emits calling and courtship signals in response to the female that has produced signals of steady temporal characteristics. Female rivalry shows complex and species specific patterns of information exchange at different levels with a broad-range variation of temporal and frequency characteristics of, until now, unidentified vibratory emissions.
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Database assignments for author(s): Raúl Alberto Laumann

Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
general biology - morphology - evolution
pheromones/attractants/traps

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Nezara viridula