Pest Management Science (2018) 74, 59-69

Despoina E. Kapantaidaki, Eldem Sadikoglou, Dimitra Tsakireli, Vasileios Kampanis, Marianna Stavrakaki, Corinna Schorn, Aris Ilias, Maria Riga, George Tsiamis, Ralf Nauen, George Skavdis, John Vontas and Anastasia Tsagkarakou (2018)
Insecticide resistance in Trialeurodes vaporariorum populations and novel diagnostics for kdr mutations
Pest Management Science 74 (1), 59-69
Abstract:
Background
Neonicotinoids, pyrethroids and ketoenols are currently used for the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In this study, insecticide resistance status and mechanisms were investigated using classical bioassays and molecular techniques.
Results
Dose–response bioassays were performed on 19 Greek populations, among the 35 different whitefly populations used for the whole analysis. Resistance factors scaled up to 207-, 4657- and 59-fold for imidacloprid, bifenthrin and spiromesifen, respectively. Molecular assays were used to investigate the frequency of known resistance mutations. A simple polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was developed for detecting the pyrethroid-resistant alleles r1 (mutation L925I) and r2 (mutation T929I) of the para-type voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC). Both alleles were present at high frequencies (on average 65% and 33%, respectively) in 14 populations from Greece. The M918 L pyrethroid resistance mutation was not detected in any of the Greek populations. Sequencing and a Taqman allelic discrimination were used to monitor the frequency of the mutation E645K of the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase gene (ACC) recently linked to spiromesifen resistance. This mutation was detected in 20 of the 24 populations examined in ~38% frequency among the 433 individuals tested. However, its association with the spiromesifen resistance phenotype was not confirmed in the Greek populations. Finally, two homologues of the CYP6CM1 Bemisia tabaci P450, the known neonicotinoid metabolizer, were found upregulated in two T. vaporariorum neonicotinoid-resistant populations; they were both functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, but the recombinant proteins encoded did not metabolize those neonicotinoid insecticides tested.
Conclusion
The development of simple diagnostics and their use alongside classical and molecular techniques for the early detection of resistant populations are of great importance for pest management strategies. The practical implications of our results are discussed in light of whitefly control.
(The abstract is excluded from the Creative Commons licence and has been copied with permission by the publisher.)
Link to article at publishers website
Database assignments for author(s): John Vontas, Anastasia Tsagkarakou, Ralf Nauen

Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
pesticide resistance of pest

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Trialeurodes vaporariorum		Greece