Environmental Entomology (1997) 26, 296-306

Arne C. Nilssen (1997)
Effect of Temperature on pupal development and eclosion dates in the reindeer oestrids Hypoderma tarandi and Cephenemyia trompe (Diptera: Oestridae)
Environmental Entomology 26 (2), 296-306
Abstract: The length of the pupal stage in the warble fly, Hypoderma (=Oedemagena) tarandi (L.) (n = 1,539 pupae), and the bot fly, Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) (n = 263 pupae) was investigated at constant temperatures of 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 32, and 34°C. The range in pupal duration was 7-61 d for H. tarandi, and 7.6-43.5 d for C. trompe. C. trompe developed significantly faster than H. tarandi, and males in both species eclosed 1-4 d before females. Rate of development as a function of temperature was described with a nonlinear, 3-parameter model. Flies also were reared in the field in 1990, 1991, and 1992, and microtemperatures within puparia were logged to be applied in the model obtained at constant temperatures. The predicted eclosion dates were close to the median observed dates. The daily rate of development was then regressed on standard macrometeorological records (predictors used were daily mean and maximum temperatures, Julian day, and cloud cover) in a multiple linear regression (r² ~ 0.80). This model was used to predict eclosion for 14 selected summers, (1972-1993) at 1 meteorological station (Suolovuopmi), and at 8 different stations in northern Norway in 1992. Difference in eclosion dates among years ranged up to 40 d, and in cold summers eclosion takes place so late that few eggs or larvae are likely to be transmitted to the host, Rangifer tarandus (L.). Summer climate is hypothesized to be responsible for differences observed among years in larval infestation levels.
(The abstract is excluded from the Creative Commons licence and has been copied with permission by the publisher.)

Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
general biology - morphology - evolution
population dynamics/ epidemiology

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Hypoderma tarandi		Norway
	Cephenemyia trompe		Norway