Environmental Entomology (1990) 19, 1396-1402

D.C. McClain, G.C. Rock and R.E. Stinner (1990)
Thermal requirements for development and simulation of the seasonal phenology of Encarsia perniciosi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the San Jose Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in North Carolina orchards
Environmental Entomology 19 (5), 1396-1402
Abstract: Developmental rates from egg to adult for a uniparental race of Encarsia perniciosi (Tower), an endoparasitoid of the San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), were determined using first instar hosts at 20°C, and using second instar hosts at 15, 20, 25, 28, 29.5, and 31°C under a regime of 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Parasitoids developed in male and female San Jose scale. Development rate was highest in male second instars, intermediate in females second instars, and lowest in first instar nymphs. Temperature versus development rate data were used to estimate parameters for both linear and nonlinear models of parasitoid development in male, female, and male and female hosts combined. Simulated adult flight peaks, based on linear and nonlinear models, were compared with peaks of adult parasitoid activity in three orchards during 1986 and 1987, and adult activity was measured using San Jose scale pheromone-baited and colored sticky traps. Modeled peaks agreed well with the spring flight peaks (F₂ and F₃), but were generally earlier than peaks occurring during the summer generations (F₄ and F₅) and later than those of autumn generations (F₆ and F₇). The linear model for parasitoids developing in male and female hosts combined simulated 8 of 13 parasitoid peaks within ±7 d, whereas the nonlinear model was accurate for 7 of 13 peaks. Up to seven parasitoid flight periods per season were detected.
(The abstract is excluded from the Creative Commons licence and has been copied with permission by the publisher.)

Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
biocontrol - natural enemies
Research topic(s) for beneficials or antagonists:
general biology - morphology - evolution
population dynamics/epizootiology

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Diaspidiotus perniciosus		U.S.A. (SE)
Encarsia perniciosi (parasitoid)	Diaspidiotus perniciosus		U.S.A. (SE)