Annals of the Entomological Society of America (2016) 109, 280-318

Phillip Shults, Art Borkent and Roger Gold (2016)
The pupa of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)—First detailed description of this stage of the bluetongue virus vector
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 109 (2), 280-318
Abstract: The pupa of Culicoides (Monoculicoides Khalaf) sonorensis Wirth and Jones is described for the first time in detail based on whole specimens and exuviae. A multitude of approaches were used in this description to offer one of the most in-depth comparative morphological studies of any ceratopogonid pupa. Illustrations were made using compound and dissecting light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The pupal description for C. sonorensis was based on morphological comparisons with species of Culicoides Latreille including other members of the subgenus C. (Monoculicoides). This study highlights possible synapomorphies for the subgenus as well as the need for future pupal research.
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Link to article at publishers website

Research topic(s) for pests/diseases/weeds:
identification/taxonomy
general biology - morphology - evolution

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Pest and/or beneficial records:

Beneficial	Pest/Disease/Weed	Crop/Product	Country	Quarant.
	Culicoides sonorensis